Cycad pollen grains associated with C. cycadophilus (Image by NIGPAS)

Plant-insect interactions form one of the critical bedrocks for modern ecosystems, either as pollination associations or relating to herbivory. A new mid-Cretaceous (99-million-year-old) boganiid beetle with specialized pollen feeding adaptations was reported in Current Biology on August 16, 2018. This suggests an ancient origin of beetle pollination of cycads long before the rise of flowering plants.  　　 

Plant-insect interactions are largely dominated by insect-angiosperm relationships owing to the hegemony enjoyed by flowering plants since the Late Cretaceous. Gymnosperm-insect interactions, on the other hand, are far less known, particularly in terms of pollination modes. Nonetheless, insect-mediated pollination in gymnosperms and potentially prior to the rise of flowering plants is critical for understanding not only the complex biology of these plants today but also the ecology of pre-angiospermous ecosystems and the history of pollination specializations on gymnosperms.  　　 

Phylogenetic analyses of the beetle and associated pollen grains conducted by Dr. CAI Chenyang from Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences and colleagues indicate that it was probably a pollinator of early cycads. 　　  

Unlike modern wind-pollinated conifers and Ginkgo, cycads are unusual in that they are an ancient group of gymnosperms pollinated by insects, such as beetles and rarely thrips. Little is known about the early evolution of their pollination mode before the rise of angiosperms, or flowering plants, although cycads are well documented from the mid-Mesozoic.  　　 

The researchers discovered a new genus and species of boganiid beetle, named Cretoparacucujus cycadophilus Cai and Escalona, 2018, preserved with many tiny cycad pollen grains and possessing specialized mandibular patches for the transport of cycad pollen. 　　 

Most importantly, morphology-based phylogenetic placement of the species reveals it belongs to a clade of relict surviving genera with a disjunct distribution encompassing southeastern Africa and southwestern Australia who are also specialist pollinators of the same clade of modern cycads. Thus, both morphological and phylogenetic evidence support the determination of the fossil as a cycad-associated insect species.  　　 

The fossil represents the earliest definitive fossil evidence for cycad-insect interactions, and illuminates the ancient history of the establishment of complex entomophily in cycads. It also indicates a probable ancient origin of beetle pollination of cycads at least in the early stage of the Jurassic, some 176 million years ago, long before flowering-plant dominance and the radiation of their pollinators such as bees and butterflies later in the Cretaceous. 　　 

This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, the Strategic Priority Research Program (B) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu province. 　　 

Reference: Chenyang Cai*, Hermes E. Escalona, Liqin Li, Ziwei Yin, Diying Huang, Michael S. Engel (2018) Beetle pollination of cycads in the Mesozoic. Current Biology, DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.06.036

(Information Source: NIGPAS)